This systematic literature review synthesizes evidence from 36 studies that examine the effectiveness of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) Family Development Sessions (FDS) in shaping learning outcomes and behavioral change among household beneficiaries. Moving beyond descriptive program evaluation, the study integrates the Kirkpatrick Model with a capability-oriented and development communication perspective to critically examine how learning, behavior, and empowerment are constructed within conditional cash transfer (CCT) systems. Findings indicate that while a majority of studies report improvements in knowledge acquisition, parenting practices, and intra-household communication, these outcomes are uneven and highly contingent on the quality of facilitation, contextual relevance, and socioeconomic conditions. Importantly, the review reveals that behavioral change is not solely a product of knowledge transfer but is mediated by structural constraints such as poverty, limited access to services, and cultural norms. From a theoretical standpoint, the study contributes to the literature by demonstrating that FDS operate as both an empowerment mechanism and a form of behavioral governance, reflecting a tension between capability expansion and conditional compliance. While FDS enhance human capital development, they also shift the burden of poverty alleviation toward individual behavior, potentially obscuring structural inequalities. By situating the 4Ps within global CCT discourse and engaging with Amartya Sen's Capability Approach, this study offers a more critical and nuanced understanding of poverty interventions. The findings underscore the need for context-sensitive, participatory, and structurally informed approaches that move beyond compliance-based models toward more transformative and equitable development strategies.